description lang="EN" 
Background of the Invention 

[0001] This invention relates to wireless communication and, more particularly, to techniques for effective wireless communication in the presence of fading and other degradations. 

[0002] The most effective technique for mitigating multipath fading in a wireless radio channel is to cancel the effect of fading at the transmitter by controlling the transmitter's power. That is, if the channel conditions are known at the transmitter (on one side of the link), then the transmitter can pre-distort the signal to overcome the effect of the channel at the receiver (on the other side). However, there are two fundamental problems with this approach. The first problem is the transmitter's dynamic range. For the transmitter to overcome an x dB fade, it must increase its power by x dB which, in most cases, is not practical because of radiation power limitations, and the size and cost of amplifiers. The second problem is that the transmitter does not have any knowledge of the channel as seen by the receiver (except for time division duplex systems, where the transmitter receives power from a known other transmitter over the same channel). Therefore, if one wants to control a transmitter based on channel characteristics, channel information has to be sent from the receiver to the transmitter, which results in throughput degradation and added complexity to both the transmitter and the receiver. 

[0003] Other effective techniques are time and frequency diversity. Using time interleaving together with coding can provide diversity improvement. The same holds for frequency hopping and spread spectrum. However, time interleaving results in unnecessarily large delays when the channel is slowly varying. Equivalently, frequency diversity techniques are ineffective when the coherence bandwidth of the channel is large (small delay spread). 

[0004] It is well known that in most scattering environments antenna diversity is the most practical and effective technique for reducing the effect of multipath fading. The classical approach to antenna diversity is to use multiple antennas at the receiver and perform combining (or selection) to improve the quality of the received signal. 

[0005] The major problem with using the receiver diversity approach in current wireless communication systems, such as IS-136 and GSM, is the cost, size and power consumption constraints of the receivers. For obvious reasons, small size, weight and cost are paramount. The addition of multiple antennas and RF chains (or selection and switching circuits) in receivers is presently not be feasible. As a result, diversity techniques have often been applied only to improve the up-link (receiver to base) transmission quality with multiple antennas (and receivers) at the base station. Since a base station often serves thousands of receivers, it is more economical to add equipment to base stations rather than the receivers 

[0006] Recently, some interesting approaches for transmitter diversity have been suggested. A delay diversity scheme was proposed by A. Wittneben in "Base Station Modulation Diversity for Digital SIMULCAST," Proceeding of the 1991 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 41 st), PP. 848-853, May 1931 , and in " A New Bandwidth Efficient Transmit Antenna Modulation Diversity Scheme For Linear Digital Modulation," in Proceeding of the 1993 IEEE International Conference on Communications (IICC '93), PP. 1630-1634, May 1993 . The proposal is for a base station to transmit a sequence of symbols through one antenna, and the same sequence of symbols -but delayed - through another antenna. 

[0007] U.S. patent 5,479,448, issued to Nambirajan Seshadri on December 26, 1995 , discloses a similar arrangement where a sequence of codes is transmitted through two antennas. The sequence of codes is routed through a cycling switch that directs each code to the various antennas, in succession. Since copies of the same symbol are transmitted through multiple antennas at different times, both space and time diversity are achieved. A maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) or a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalizer is then used to resolve multipath distortion and provide diversity gain. See also N. Seshadri, J.H. Winters, "Two Signaling Schemes for Improving the Error Performance of FDD Transmission Systems Using Transmitter Antenna Diversity," Proceeding of the 1993 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 43rd), pp. 508-511, May 1993 ; and J. H. Winters, "The Diversity Gain of Transmit Diversity in Wireless Systems with Rayleigh Fading, Proceeding of the 1994 ICC/SUPERCOMM, New Orleans, Vol. 2, PP. 1121-1125, May 1994 . 

[0008] Still another interesting approach is disclosed by Tarokh, Seshadri, Calderbank and Naguib in U.S. application, serial number 08/847635, filed April 25, 1997 (based on a provisional application filed November 7, 1996), where symbols are encoded according to the antennas through which they are simultaneously transmitted, and are decoded using a maximum likelihood decoder. More specifically, the process at the transmitter handles the information in blocks of M1 bits, where M1 is a multiple of M2, i.e., M1=k*M2. It converts each successive group of M2 bits into information symbols (generating thereby k information symbols), encodes each sequence of k information symbols into n channel codes (developing thereby a group of n channel codes for each sequence of k information symbols), and applies each code of a group of codes to a different antenna. 

[0009] Recently, a powerful approach is disclosed by Alamouti et al in US Patent application 09/074,224, filed May 5, 1998 , and titled "Transmitter Diversity Technique for Wireless Communication". This disclosure revealed that an arrangement with two transmitter antennas can be realized that provides diversity with bandwidth efficiency, easy decoding at the receiver (merely linear processing), and performance that is the same as the performance of maximum ratio combining arrangements. In this arrangement the constellation has four symbols, and a frame has two time slots during which two bits arrive. Those bit are encoded so that in a first time slot symbolc1andc2are sent by the first and second antennas, respectively, and in a second time slot symbols -c2* andc1* are sent by the first and second antennas, respectively. Accordingly, this can be expressed by an equation of the form r=Hc+n , where r is a vector of signals received in the two time slots, c is a vector of symbolsc1and c2, n is a vector of received noise signals in the two time slots, and H is an orthogonal matrix that reflects the above-described constellation of symbols. 

[0010] The good performance of this disclosed approach forms an impetus for finding other systems, with a larger number of transmit antennas, that has equally good performance. 

 Summary 

[0011] The prior art teachings for encoding signals and transmitting them over a plurality of antennas are advanced by disclosing a method for encoding for any number of transmitting antennas. Also disclosed is a generalized approach for maximum likelihood decoding where a decision rule is formed for all of the transmitting antennas of a transmitter, and a decision is made in favor of the transmitted symbols the minimize the equation c i = arg min c ⁢ R i - c 2 + - 1 + Σ ⁢ h i , j 2 ⁢ c 2
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0001" />

where
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0002" />
r t j<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0003" />
is the signal received at time intervalt, at receiving antennaj,
h ε t i ⁢ j *
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0004" />
is the complex conjugate of the channel transfer function between the transmitter antenna that is transmitting symbolciand receiving antennaj, and
δ1(i) is the sign of symbolciin time intervalt.

 Brief Description of the Drawings 

[0012] 
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a transmitter having n antennas and a receiver having j antenna, where the transmitter and the receiver operate in accordance with the principles disclosed herein;

 Detail Description 

[0013] FIG. 1 presents a block diagram of an arrangement with a transmitter havingntransmitter antenna an a receiver with j receiving antenna. Whenn=2, FIG. 1 degenerates to FIG. 1 of the aforementioned 09/074,224 Alamouti et al application. In that application an applied sequence of symbolsc1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6at the input of transmitter 10 results in the following sequence being sent by antennas 11 and 12.
<tb>Antenna 11c0-c1*c2-c3*c4-c5*·····
<tb>Antenna 12c1c0*c3c2*c5c4*·····

[0014] The transmission can be expressed by way of the matrix c 1 c 2 - c 2 * c 1 * ,
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0005" />

where the columns represent antennas, and the rows represent time of transmission. The corresponding received signal (ignoring the noise) is:
- h 1 ⁢ c 2 * + h 2 ⁢ c 1 *
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0006" />
- h 1 ⁢ c 4 * + h 2 ⁢ c 3 *
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0007" />
<tb>Antenna 11h1c1+h2c2h1c3+h2c4...whereh1is the channel coefficient from antenna 11 to antenna 21, andh2is the channel coefficient from antenna 12 to antenna 21, which can also be in the form r 1 r 2 * = h 1 h 2 h 2 * - h 1 * ⁢ c 1 c 2 , or r = Hc .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0008" />


[0015] Extending this tonantennas at the base station andmantennas in the remote units, the signal r t j
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0009" />
represents the signal received at timetby antennaj,and it is given by
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0010" />
where n i j<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0011" />
is the noise at timetat receiver antennaj, and it is assumed to be a independent, zero mean, complex, Gaussian random variable. The average energy of the symbols transmitted by each of thenantennas is 1/n. 

[0016] Assuming a perfect knowledge of the channel coefficients,hij, from transmit antenna i to receive antenna j, the receiver's decision metric is ∑ i = 1 l ∑ j = 1 m r t j - ∑ i = 1 n h ij ⁢ c t j 2
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0012" />

Over all codewords c 1 1 ⁢ c 1 2 ⋯ c 1 n ⁢ c 2 1 ⁢ c 2 2 ⋯ c 2 n ⋯ c l 1 ⁢ c l 2 ⋯ c l n
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0013" />
and decides in favor of the codeword that minimizes this sum. 

[0017] For a constellation with real symbols, what is desired is a matrix of size n that is orthogonal, with intermediates ±c1,±c2···±cn. The existence problem for orthogonal designs is known in the mathematics literature as the Hurwitz-Radon problem, and was completely settled by Radon at the beginning of the 20<th>century. What has been shown is that an orthogonal design exists if and only ifn=2,4 or 8. 

[0018] Indeed, such a matrix can be designed for the FIG. 1 system for n=2, 4 or 8, by employing, for example, the matrices c 1 c 2 - c 2 c 1 ,
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0014" />
c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 - c 2 c 1 - c 4 c 3 - c 3 c 4 c 1 - c 2 - c 4 - c 3 c 2 c 1<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0015" />

or c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 c 5 c 6 c 7 c 8 - c 2 c 1 c 4 - c 3 c 6 - c 5 - c 8 c 7 - c 3 - c 4 c 1 c 2 c 7 c 8 - c 5 - c 6 - c 4 c 3 - c 2 c 1 c 8 - c 7 c 6 - c 5 - c 5 - c 6 - c 7 - c 8 c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 - c 6 c 5 - c 8 c 7 - c 2 c 1 - c 4 c 3 - c 7 c 8 c 5 - c 6 - c 3 c 4 c 1 - c 2 - c 8 - c 7 c 6 c 5 - c 4 - c 3 c 2 c 1 .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0016" />


[0019] What that means, for example, is that when a transmitter employs 8 antennas, it accumulates a frame of 8 bits and, with the beginning of the next frame, in the first time interval, the 8 antennas transmit bitsc1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6,c7,c8(the first row of symbols). During the second time interval, the 8 antennas transmit bits-c2,c1,c4,-c3,c6,-c5,c8,c7(the second row of symbols), etc. 

[0020] A perusal of the above matrices reveals that the rows are mere permutations of the first row, with possible different signs. The permutations can be denoted by εk(p) such that εk(p) =qmeans that in rowk, the symbolcpappears in columnq.The different signs can be expressed by letting the sign ofciin thek-th row be denoted by δk(i). 

[0021] It can be shown that minimizing the metric of equation (4) is equivalent to minimizing the following sum
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0017" />


[0022] Since the term
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0018" />
only depends onci, on the channel coefficients, and on the permutations and signs of the matrix, it follows that minimizing the outer sum (over the summing indexi) amounts to minimizing each of the terms for 1 ≤i≤n.Thus, the maximum likelihood detection rule is to form the decision variable
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0019" />
for all transmitting antennas,i=1,2,...n, and decide in favor of is made in favor of symbolcifrom among all constellation symbols if c i = arg min c ⁢ R i - c 2 + - 1 + Σ ⁢ h i , j 2 ⁢ c 2 .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0020" />

This is a very simple decoding strategy that provides diversity. 

[0023] There are two attractions in providing transmit diversity via orthogonal designs.
There is no loss in bandwidth, in the sense that orthogonal designs provide the maximum possible transmission rate at full diversity.
There is an extremely simple maximum likelihood decoding algorithm which only uses linear combining at the receiver. The simplicity of the algorithm comes from the orthogonality of the columns of the orthogonal design.

[0024] The above properties are preserved even if linear processing at the transmitter is allowed. Therefore, in accordance with the principles disclosed herein, the definition of orthogonal arrays is relaxed to allow linear processing at the transmitter. Signals transmitted from different antennas will now be linear combinations of constellation symbols. 

[0025] The following defines a Hurwitz-Radon family of matrices. Defintion: A set ofn×nreal matrices {B1,B2,···Bk} is called a sizekHurwitz-Radon family of matrices if B i T ⁢ B i = I B i T = - B i , i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , k B i ⁢ B j = - B j ⁢ B i , 1 ≤ i < j ≤ k .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0021" />

It has been shown by Radon that whenn =2<a> b, where b is odd anda=4c+dwith 0 ≤d< 4and0 ≤c, then and Hurwitz-Radon family ofn×nmatrices contains less than ρ(n) = 8c+ 2<d>≤nmatrices (the maximum number of member in the family is ρ(n)-1). A Hurwitz-Radon family that containsn-1 matrices exists if and only ifn=2,4,or 8. 

[0026] Definition: LetAbe ap×qmatrix with termsaij, and let B be any arbitrary matrix. The tensor productA⊗Bis given by a 11 ⁢ B a 12 ⁢ B ⋯ a 1 ⁢ q ⁢ B a 21 ⁢ B a 22 ⁢ B ⋯ a 2 ⁢ q ⁢ B ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ a p ⁢ 1 ⁢ B a p ⁢ 2 ⁢ B ⋯ a pq ⁢ B
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0022" />


[0027] Lemma: For any n there exists a Hurwitz-Radon family of matrices of size ρ(n)-1 whose members are integer matrices in the set {-1,0,1}. 

[0028] Proof: The proof is by explicit construction. LetIbdenote the identity matrix of size b. We first notice that ifn= 2°bwith b odd, then since ρ(n) is independent ofb(ρ(n) = 8c+2<d>) it follows that ρ(n) = ρ(2<a>). Moreover, given a family of 2<a>× 2<a>Hurwitz-Radon integer matrices {A1,A2,···Ak} of sizes=ρ(2<a>)-1, the set {A1⊗Ib,A2⊗Ib,···Ak⊗Ib} is a Hurwitz-Radon family ofn×n integer matrices of sizeρ(n)-1. In light of this observation, it suffices to prove the lemma forn= 2<a>. To this end, we may choose a set of Hurwitz-Radon matrices, such as R = 0 1 - 1 0 ,
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0023" />
P = 0 1 1 0 ,<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0024" />
Q = 1 0 0 - 1 ,<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0025" />

and letn1=s<4s +3>,n2=s<4s +4>,n3=s<4s +5>,n4=s<4s +6>, andn5=s<4s +7>. Then, ρ n 2 = ρ n 1 + 1 ρ n 3 = ρ n 1 + 2 ρ n 4 = ρ n 1 + 4 ρ n 5 = ρ n 1 + 8.
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0026" />

One can observe that matrixRis a Hurwitz-Radon integer family of size ρ(2)-1, {R⊗I2,P⊗I2,..,Q⊗I2} is a Hurwitz-Radon integer family of size ρ(2<2>)-1, and
(I2⊗R⊗I2,I2⊗P⊗R,Q⊗Q⊗R,P⊗Q⊗R,R⊗P⊗Q,R⊗P⊗,P,R⊗Q⊗I2)
is an integerHurwitz-Radon family of size ρ(2<3>)-1. Extending from the above, one can easily verify that if {A1,A2,···Ak} is an integer Hurwitz-Radon family ofn×nmatrices, then R ⊗ I n ∪ Q ⊗ A i , i = 1 , 2 , … , s
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0027" />

is an integer Hurwitz-Radon family of s+1 integer matrices (2n× 2n). 

[0029] If, in addition, {L1,L2,···Lm}Lm} is an integer Hurwitz-Radon family ofk×kmatrices, then P ⊗ I k ⊗ A j , i = 1 , 2 , … , s ∪ Q ⊗ L j ⊗ I n , j = 1 , 2 , … , j ∪ R ⊗ I uk
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0028" />

is an integer Hurewitz-Radon family of s+m+1 integer matrices (2nk× 2nk). 

[0030] With a family of integer Hurwitz-Radon matrices with size ρ(2<3>)-1 constructed forn= 2<3>, with entries in the set {-1, 0,1}, equation (17) gives the transition fromn1ton2. By using (18) and lettingk=n1andn=2, we get the transition fromn1ton3. Similarly, withk=n1andn=4 we get the transition fromn1ton3, and withk=n1andn=8 we get the transition fromn1ton5. 

[0031] The simple maximum likelihood decoding algorithm described above is achieved because of the orthogonality of columns of the design matrix. Thus, a more generalized definition of orthogonal design may be tolerated. Not only does this create new and simple transmission schemes for any number of transmit antennas, but also generalizes the Hurwitz-Radon theory to non-square matrices. 

[0032] Definition: A generalized orthogonal design G of sizenis ap×nmatrix, with entries 0,±x1,±x2,···,±xksuch thatG<T> G=Dis a diagonal matrix with diagonal Dn,i=1,2,···,nof the form l 1 i ⁢ x 1 2 + l 2 i ⁢ x 2 2 + ⋯ + l k i ⁢ x k 2 .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0029" />
The coefficients l 1 i , l 2 i , ⋯ , l k i ,<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0030" />
are positive integers. The rate of G isR=k/p.

[0033] Theorem: Ap×ngeneralized orthogonal designEin variablesx1,x2,···xkexists if and only if there exists a generalized orthogonal designGin the same variables and of the same size such that G T ⁢ G = x 1 2 + x 1 2 + ⋯ x k 2 ⁢ I .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0031" />


[0034] In view of the above theorem, without loss of generality, one can assume that anyp×ngeneralized orthogonal design G in variablex1,x2,···xksatisfies G T ⁢ G = x 1 2 + x 1 2 + ⋯ x k 2 ⁢ I .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0032" />

The above derivations can be employed for transmitting signals from n antennas using a generalized orthogonal design.

[0035] Considering a constellation A of size 2, a throughput ofkb/pcan be achieved. At time slot 1,kbbits arrive at the encoder, which selects constellation symbolsc1,c2,···ch .The encoder populates the matrix by settingxi =ci, and at timest= 1,2,...,pthe signalsGt 1,Gt 2,···Gmare transmitted simultaneously from antennas 1,2,···,n. That is the transmission matrix design is G = G 11 G 12 ⋯ G 1 ⁢ n G 21 G 22 ⋯ G 2 ⁢ n ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ G p ⁢ 1 G p ⁢ 2 ⋯ G pn
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0033" />

Thus,kbbits are sent during each frame ofptransmissions. It can be shown that the diversity order isnm. The theory of space-time coding says that for a diversity order ofnm, it is possible to transmitbbits per time slot, and this is the best possible. Therefore, the rateRis defined for this coding scheme iskb/pb,ork/p.

[0036] The following presents an approach for constructing high rate linear processing designs with low decoding complexity and full diversity order. It is deemed advantageous to take transmitter memory into account, and that means that given the rate,R,and the number of transmitting antennas,n, it is advantageous to minimize the number of time slots in a frame,p.

[0037] Definition: For a given pair (R,n),A(R,n) is the minimum numberpsuch that there exists ap×ngeneralized design with rate at least. If no such design exists, thenA(R,n) = ∞. 

[0038] The value ofA(R,n) is the fundamental question of generalized design theory. The most interesting part of this question is the computation ofA(1,n) since the generalized designes of full rate are bandwidth efficient. To address the question the following construction is offered. 

[0039] Construction I: LetX= (x1,x2,···,xp) andn≤ ρ(p). In the discussion above, a family of integerp×pmatrices with ρ(p)<- 1>with members {A1,A2,···Aρ(p )- 1} was constructed (Lemma following equation 12). That is, the membersAiare in the set {-1,0,1}. LetA0=Iand consider thep×nmatrix G whosej-th column isAj-t X<T>forj= 1,2,···,n. The Hurwitz-Radon conditions imply that G is a generalized orthogonal design of full rate. 

[0040] From the above, a number of facts can be ascertained:
The valueA (1,n ) is the smaller numberp such thatn ≤ ρ(p ).
The value ofA (1,n ) is a power of 2 for anyn ≥ 2.
The value A(1,n ) = min(2<4c +d> ) where the minimization is taken over the set {c ,d |0≤c ,0≤d <4and 8c +2<d> ≥n }.
A(1,2) = 2,A (1,3) =A (1,4)= 4, andA (1,n ) = 8 for 5 ≤n ≤ 8.
Orthogonal designs are delay optical forn =2,4, and 8.
For anyR, A (R,n ) < ∞.

[0041] The above explicitly constructs a Hurwitz-Radon family of matrices of sizepwith ρ(p) members such that all the matrices in the family have entries in the set {-1,0,1}. Having such a family of Hurwitz-Radon matrices of sizep=A(1,n), we
can apply Construction I to provide ap×ngeneralized orthogonal design with full rate. 

[0042] This full rate generalized orthogonal design has entries of the form ±c1,±c2,···,±cp. Thus, for a transmitter havingn≤ 8 transmit antennas the following optimal generalized designs of rate one are: G 3 = c 1 c 2 c 3 - c 2 c 1 - c 4 - c 3 c 4 c 1 - c 4 - c 3 c 2 ,
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0034" />
G 5 = c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 c 5 - c 2 c 1 c 4 - c 3 c 6 - c 3 - c 4 c 1 c 2 c 7 - c 4 c 3 - c 2 c 1 c 8 - c 5 - c 6 - c 7 - c 8 c 1 - c 6 c 5 - c 8 c 7 - c 2 - c 7 c 8 c 5 - c 6 - c 3 - c 8 - c 7 c 6 c 5 - c 4 ,<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0035" />
G 6 = c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 c 5 c 6 - c 2 c 1 c 4 - c 3 c 6 - c 5 - c 3 - c 4 c 1 c 2 c 7 c 8 - c 4 c 3 - c 2 c 1 c 8 - c 7 - c 5 - c 6 - c 7 - c 8 c 1 c 2 - c 6 c 5 - c 8 c 7 - c 2 c 1 - c 7 c 8 c 5 - c 6 - c 3 c 4 - c 8 - c 7 c 6 c 5 - c 4 - c 3 ,<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0036" />
G 7 = c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 c 5 c 6 c 7 - c 2 c 1 c 4 - c 3 c 6 - c 5 - c 8 - c 3 - c 4 c 1 c 2 c 7 c 8 - c 5 - c 4 c 3 - c 2 c 1 c 8 - c 7 c 6 - c 5 - c 6 - c 7 - c 8 c 1 c 2 c 3 - c 6 c 5 - c 8 c 7 - c 2 c 1 - c 4 - c 7 c 8 c 5 - c 6 - c 3 c 4 c 1 - c 8 - c 7 c 6 c 5 - c 4 - c 3 c 2 .<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0037" />


[0043] The simple transmit diversity schemes disclosed above are for a real signal constellation. A design for a complex constellation is also possible. A complex orthogonal design of size n that is contemplated here is a unitary matrix whose entries are indeterminates ±c1,±c2,···±cn, their complex conjugates ± c 1 * , ± c 2 * , ⋯ , ± c n * ,
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0038" />
or these indeterminates multiplied by ± i, where i = - 1 .<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0039" />
Without loss of generality, we may select the first row to bec1,c2,···cn .

[0044] It can be shown that half rate (R=0.5) complex generalized orthogonal designs exist. They can be constructed by creating a design as described above for real symbols, and repeat the rows, except that each symbol is replaced by its complex conjugate. Stated more formally, given that a design needs to be realized for complex symbols, we can replace each complex variable c i = c i R + i ⁢ c i l ,
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0040" />
where i = - 1 ,<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0041" />
by the 2 × 2 real matrix c i R c i l - c i l c i R .<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0042" />
In this way, c i * = c i R - c i l c i l c i R<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0043" />
and ic i = - c i R c i l - c i l - c i R .<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0044" />

It is easy to see that a matrix formed in this way is a real orthogonal design. The following presents half rate codes for transmission using three and four transmit antennas by, of course, an extension to any number of transmitting antennas follows directly from application of the principles disclosed above. G c 3 = c 1 c 2 c 3 - c 2 c 1 - c 4 - c 3 c 4 c 1 - c 4 - c 3 c 2 c 1 * c 2 * c 3 * - c 2 * c 1 * - c 4 * - c 3 * c 4 * c 1 * - c 4 * - c 3 * c 2 * ,
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0045" />
G c 4 = c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 - c 2 c 1 - c 4 c 3 - c 3 c 4 c 1 - c 2 - c 4 - c 3 c 2 c 1 c 1 * c 2 * c 3 * c 4 * - c 2 * c 1 * - c 4 * c 3 * - c 3 * c 4 * c 1 * - c 2 * - c 4 * - c 3 * c 2 * c 1 * .<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0046" />


[0045] These transmission schemes and their analogs for higher values of n not only give full diversity but give 3 dB extra coding gain over the uncoded, but they lose half of the theoretical bandwidth efficiency. 

[0046] Some designs are available that provide a rate that is higher than 0.5. The following presents designs for rate 0.75 forn=3 andn=4. c 1 c 2 c 3 2 - c 2 * c 1 * c 3 2 c 3 * 2 c 3 * 2 - c 1 - c 1 * + c 2 - c 2 * 2 c 3 * 2 - c 3 * 2 c 2 + c 2 * + c 1 - c 1 * 2
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0047" />
c 1 c 2 c 3 2 c 3 2 - c 2 * c 1 * c 3 2 - c 3 2 c 3 * 2 c 3 * 2 - c 1 - c 1 * + c 2 - c 2 * 2 - c 2 - c 2 * + c 1 - c 1 * 2 c 3 * 2 - c 3 * 2 c 2 + c 2 * + c 1 - c 1 * 2 c 1 + c 1 * + c 2 - c 2 * 2 .<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0048" />


[0047] FIG. 1 depicts an arrangement where a transmitter includes an encoder 13 that is responsive to an applied steam of symbols. The encoder, in most embodiments will include a memory for storing the incoming symbols. Those are processes in accordance with the above disclosure and, illustratively, are applied to n mappers 14. The mappers map the symbols onto a two dimensional constellation, for example, and apply the mapped symbols to n pulse shapers 15 which modulate the signals and apply them to transmitting antennas 11. The structure of transmitter 10 is illustrative only, and many other designs can be employed that would still realize the benefits of this invention. 

[0048] The transmitted signals are received by receiver 20, which includes j receiving antennas 21. The received signals are applied to detector 25, which detect signals in accordance with, for example, the detection scheme described above in connection with equations 9 and 10. Channel estimators 22 are conventional. Their function is to estimate the channel parameters for detector 25. 

[0049] The present disclosure concerns:
1. A transmitter (10) comprising:
a module for developing a block of codes c1, c2,...cn, and for developing therefrom a matrix of codes, where one row of said matrix contains said block of codes and other rows of said matrix contain permutations of said codes, with at least one of said codes being multiplied by -1;
a mapper module responsive to codes of successive rows of said matrix of codes,
and
n transmitters, responsive to said mapper module, each of which outputs a signal corresponding to codes of a given column of said matrix of codes.
2. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes is a Hurwitz-Radon matrix of order 2, 4, or 8.
3. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes results from a linear combination of Hurwitz-Radon matrices.
4. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes is of the form c 1 c 2 - c 2 c 1 .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0049" />

5. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes is of the form c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 - c 2 c 1 - c 4 c 3 - c 3 c 4 c 1 - c 2 - c 4 - c 3 c 2 c 1 .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0050" />

6. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes is of the form c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 c 5 c 6 c 7 c 8 - c 2 c 1 c 4 - c 3 c 6 - c 5 - c 8 c 7 - c 3 - c 4 c 1 c 2 c 7 c 8 - c 5 - c 6 - c 4 c 3 - c 2 c 1 c 8 - c 7 c 6 - c 5 - c 5 - c 6 - c 7 - c 8 c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 - c 6 c 5 - c 8 c 7 - c 2 c 1 - c 4 c 3 - c 7 c 8 c 5 - c 6 - c 3 c 4 c 1 - c 2 - c 8 - c 7 c 6 c 5 - c 4 - c 3 c 2 c 1 .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0051" />

7. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes is of the form c 1 c 2 c 3 - c 2 c 1 - c 4 - c 3 c 4 c 1 - c 4 - c 3 c 2 .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0052" />

8. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes is of the form c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 c 5 - c 2 c 1 c 4 - c 3 c 6 - c 3 - c 4 c 1 c 2 c 7 - c 4 c 3 - c 2 c 1 c 8 - c 5 - c 6 - c 7 - c 8 c 1 - c 6 c 5 - c 8 c 7 - c 2 - c 7 c 8 c 5 - c 6 - c 3 - c 8 - c 7 c 6 c 5 - c 4 .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0053" />

9. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes is of the form c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 c 5 c 6 - c 2 c 1 c 4 - c 3 c 6 - c 5 - c 3 - c 4 c 1 c 2 c 7 c 8 - c 4 c 3 - c 2 c 1 c 8 - c 7 - c 5 - c 6 - c 7 - c 8 c 1 c 2 - c 6 c 5 - c 8 c 7 - c 2 c 1 - c 7 c 8 c 5 - c 6 - c 3 c 4 - c 8 - c 7 c 6 c 5 - c 4 - c 3 .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0054" />

10. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes is of the form c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 c 5 c 6 c 7 - c 2 c 1 c 4 - c 3 c 6 - c 5 - c 8 - c 3 - c 4 c 1 c 2 c 7 c 8 - c 5 - c 4 c 3 - c 2 c 1 c 8 - c 7 c 6 - c 5 - c 6 - c 7 - c 8 c 1 c 2 c 3 - c 6 c 5 - c 8 c 7 - c 2 c 1 - c 4 - c 7 c 8 c 5 - c 6 - c 3 c 4 c 1 - c 8 - c 7 c 6 c 5 - c 4 - c 3 c 2 .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0055" />

11. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes is of the form c 1 c 2 c 3 - c 2 c 1 - c 4 - c 3 c 4 c 1 - c 4 - c 3 c 2 c 1 * c 2 * c 3 * - c 2 * c 1 * - c 4 * - c 3 * c 4 * c 1 * - c 4 * - c 3 * c 2 * .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0056" />

12. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes is of the form c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 - c 2 c 1 - c 4 c 3 - c 3 c 4 c 1 - c 2 - c 4 - c 3 c 2 c 1 c 1 * c 2 * c 3 * c 4 * - c 2 * c 1 * - c 4 * c 3 * - c 3 * c 4 * c 1 * - c 2 * - c 4 * - c 3 * c 2 * c 1 * .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0057" />

13. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes is of the form c 1 c 2 c 3 2 - c 2 * c 1 * c 3 2 c 2 * 2 c 3 * 2 - c 1 - c 1 * + c 2 - c 2 * 2 c 3 * 2 - c 3 * 2 c 2 + c 2 * + c 1 - c 1 * 2 .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0058" />

14. A transmitter according to point 1 where said matrix of codes is of the formc 1 c 2 c 3 2 c 3 2 - c 2 * c 1 * c 3 2 - c 3 2 c 3 * 2 c 3 * 2 - c 1 - c 1 * + c 2 - c 2 * 2 - c 2 - c 2 * + c 1 - c 1 * 2 c 3 * 2 - c 3 * 2 c 2 + c 2 * + c 1 - c 1 * 2 c 1 + c 1 * + c 2 - c 2 * 2 .
<img class="EMIRef" id="463891363-ib0059" />


